Showing posts with label a. Show all posts
Showing posts with label a. Show all posts
Tuesday, December 17, 2013
Build a Power supply Protection Circuit Diagram
Why Build a Power supply Protection Circuit Diagram. When using a regulated supply to reduce a supply voltage there is always the danger of component failure in the supply and consequent damage to the equipment. A fuse will protect when excess current is drawn, but might be too slow to cope with over voltage conditions. The values shown are for a 12 V supply being dropped to 5 V.
Power supply Protection Circuit Diagram
The trip voltage is set to 5.7 V to protect the equipment in the event of a regulator fault. The 330 ohm resistor and the 500 ohm potentiometer form a potential divider which samples the output voltage as set by adjustment of the potentiometer. The SCR is selected to carry at least twice the fuse rating. The full supply voltage is connected to the input of the regulator.
The 2N2906 is held bias off by the 10 k resistor and the SCR so that the LED is held off. If the output voltage rises above a set trip value then the SCR will conduct, the fuse will blow, and the 2N3906 will be supplied with base current via the 10 k resistor, and the LED will light up.
Thursday, September 12, 2013
Testing A FT245RL Chip with Software
Chips FT245RL testing, checking for the program. It can set the output and input signals to the findings and submit. It is thus possible to enable or disable the 8 channels, for a 8-channel input. It all started a long time ago. Once, when I learned that the computer can be sent off signals that you can manage yourself, immediately began to take interest in the way they can do. It was somewhere in ~ 2002. After browsing the internet and found some examples of how the device can be connected to an LPT Port,.
Since that time almost all computers have an LPT port, its all gone well. In the LPT port connected LEDs managed a program written by someone that has been written as to support in the MS-DOS. It certainly was not a pleasant appearance, ease of operation ... Was only possible to manage such a procedure, a combination of ... as was intended by its creator. Therefore, once thought myself why can not I create and manage the program as he wants. So began an interest in computer programming and bonding with their devices.
Thursday, August 8, 2013
A Friendly Charger Circuit for Mobile Phones
Most mobile chargers do not have current/voltage regulation or short-circuit protection. These chargers provide raw 6-12V DC for charging the battery pack. Most of the mobile phone battery packs have a rating of 3.6V, 650mAh. For increasing the life of the battery, slow charging at low current is advisable. Six to ten hours of charging at 150-200mA current is a suitable option. This will prevent heating up of the battery and extend its life.
Circuit diagram:
A Friendly Charger Circuit Diagram For Mobile Phones
Parts:
Resistors:
P1 = 10K LOG
R1 = 1K
R2 = 1K
R3 = 1K
R4 = 1K
R5 = 3.3K
R6 = 16R/2W
R7 = 220R
R8 = 3.3R
R9 = 1K
Capacitors:
C1 = 470uF/25V
C2 = 10uF/25V
C3 = 1KuF/25V
Semiconductors:
D1 = Red LED
D2 = Green LED
Q1 = BC547
Q2 = BD677
ZD1 = 12V/1W
ZD2 = 5.6V/1W
IC1 = CA3130
Description:
The circuit described here, provides around 180mA current at 5.6V and protects the mobile phone from unexpected voltage fluctuations that develop on the mains line. So the charger can be left ‘on’ over night to replenish the battery charge. The circuit protects the mobile phone as well as the charger by immediately disconnecting the output when it senses a voltage surge or a short circuit in the battery pack or connector. It can be called a ‘middle man’ between the existing charger and the mobile phone.
It has features like voltage and current regulation, over-current protection, and high- and low-voltage cut-off. An added specialty of the circuit is that it incorporates a short delay of ten seconds to switch on when mains resumes following a power failure. This protects the mobile phone from instant voltage spikes. When short-circuit occurs at the battery terminal, resistor R8 senses the over-current, allowing Q1 to conduct and light up D1. Glowing of D2 indicates the charging mode, while D1 indicates short-circuit or over-current status.
The value of resistor R8 is important to get the desired current level to operate the cut-off. With the given value of R8 (3.3 ohms), it is 350 mA. Charging current can also be changed by increasing or decreasing the value of R7 using the ‘I=V/R’ rule. Construct the circuit on a common PCB and house in a small plastic case. Connect the circuit between the output lines of the charger and the input pins of the mobile phone with correct polarity.
Author : D. Mohan Kumar Copyright : E F Y
Friday, July 26, 2013
Build a Carrier Operated Relay Circuit Diagram
Carrier-Operated Relay Circuit Diagram shows a COR/CAS circuit for repeater use. CR1 is a silicon diode. 2 may be any relay with a 12-V coil (a long-life-reed relay is best). R2 sets the length of time that K2 remains closed after the input voltage disappears (hang time). shows a timer circuit. Values shown for Rl and CI should provide timing up to four minutes or so. CI should be a low-leakage capacitor; Ql is a silicon-controlled rectifier, ECG-5452 or equivalent.
Kl may be any miniature relay with a 12-volt coil. The timer is reset when the supply voltage is momentarily interrupted. The switch must be in the reset position for the remote reset to work. This circuit operates from the detector output of a receiver. A delay circuit is included so that the relay stays closed for a time period after the carrier output from the receiver disappears.
Carrier-Operated Relay Circuit Diagram
Wednesday, July 10, 2013
Build a 500W Low Cost 12V to 220V Inverter
Attention: This Circuit is using high voltage that is lethal. Please take appropriate precautions
Using this circuit you can convert the 12V dc in to the 220V Ac. In this circuit 4047 is use to generate the square wave of 50hz and amplify the current and then amplify the voltage by using the step transformer.
How to calculate transformer rating
The basic formula is P=VI and between input output of the transformer we have Power input = Power output
Using this circuit you can convert the 12V dc in to the 220V Ac. In this circuit 4047 is use to generate the square wave of 50hz and amplify the current and then amplify the voltage by using the step transformer.
How to calculate transformer rating
The basic formula is P=VI and between input output of the transformer we have Power input = Power output
For example if we want a 220W output at 220V then we need 1A at the output. Then at the input we must have at least 18.3V at 12V because: 12V*18.3 = 220v*1
So you have to wind the step up transformer 12v to 220v but input winding must be capable to bear 20A.
Friday, April 5, 2013
A Frequency Doubler Effect for Electric Guitar
This circuit is a octave shifting that is used for electric guitar is done by rectifying the original signal, just like AC to DC conversion inside your AC-DC power supply adapter. This circuit is use single supply instead of symmetric power supply. This is the figure of the circuit.
The rectifying is done by four 1N4148 silicon diodes, configured as full-wave rectifier bridges. Because the bridge is inserted inside the negative feedback of the operational amplifier (op-amp) U1B, the nonlinear characteristic of the diodes around the turn-on point (the forward bias voltage) is compensated by the op-amp’s feedback mechanism. As the result, the output of the rectifier looks like coming from ideal diode with no bias voltage needed. The pre-amp gain can be adjusting by R3 potentiometer between clean and slightly overdriven, hear the effect, and set as you want.
The R4 pot is provided to adjust the processed signal so the output level after the frequency doubling is equal to the level before entering this analog effect processor. Make R7, R8, and C3 layout as close as possible to the pin 10 of the LM324 IC (U1C) with shortest possible wiring to minimize capturing any noise. This voltage (at pin 10 U1) is the reference for internal “virtual ground” coming out from U1C output (pin 8). Make sure that the PCB tracks for this “virtual ground” (pin 8 U1) are wider than other signal tracks to give consistent reference for all op-amps. Make sure C4 and C5 have the shortest possible connection to the power pins (pin 4, pin 11) and the “virtual ground” line (pin 8).
The rectifying is done by four 1N4148 silicon diodes, configured as full-wave rectifier bridges. Because the bridge is inserted inside the negative feedback of the operational amplifier (op-amp) U1B, the nonlinear characteristic of the diodes around the turn-on point (the forward bias voltage) is compensated by the op-amp’s feedback mechanism. As the result, the output of the rectifier looks like coming from ideal diode with no bias voltage needed. The pre-amp gain can be adjusting by R3 potentiometer between clean and slightly overdriven, hear the effect, and set as you want.
The R4 pot is provided to adjust the processed signal so the output level after the frequency doubling is equal to the level before entering this analog effect processor. Make R7, R8, and C3 layout as close as possible to the pin 10 of the LM324 IC (U1C) with shortest possible wiring to minimize capturing any noise. This voltage (at pin 10 U1) is the reference for internal “virtual ground” coming out from U1C output (pin 8). Make sure that the PCB tracks for this “virtual ground” (pin 8 U1) are wider than other signal tracks to give consistent reference for all op-amps. Make sure C4 and C5 have the shortest possible connection to the power pins (pin 4, pin 11) and the “virtual ground” line (pin 8).
Wednesday, April 3, 2013
Simple Automatic Street Light System
The left hand side transistor T1 is rigged as a voltage comparator using a resistive network. The resistor at the upper arm is the LDR and the lower arm resistor is the preset which is used to set the threshold values or levels. T2 is arranged as an inverter, and inverts the response received from T1.
Initially, assuming the light level is less, the LDR sustains a high resistance level across it, which does not allow enough current to reach the base of the transistor T1. This allows the potential level at the collector to saturate T2 and consequently the relay remains activated in this condition.
When the light level increases and becomes sufficiently large on the LDR, its resistance level falls, this allows more current to pass through it which eventually reaches the base of T1.
The transistor T1 conducts, pulling its collector potential to ground. This inhibits the conduction of the transistor T2, switching OFF its collector load relay and the connected lamp.
The power supply is a standard transformer, bridge, capacitor network, which supplies a clean DC to the circuit for executing the proposed actions.
The whole circuit can be built over a small piece of vero board and the entire assembly along with the power supply may be housed inside a sturdy little plastic box.
The LDR must be placed outside the box, meaning its sensing surface should be exposed toward the ambient area from where the light level is required to be sensed.
Care should be taken that the light from the lamps does not in any way reach the LDR, which may result in false switching and oscillations.
Parts List
R1, R2, R3 = 2K2,
VR1 = 10K preset,
C1 = 100uF/25V,
C2 = 10uF/25V,
D1 ---- D6 = 1N4007
T1, T2 = BC547,
Relay = 12 volt, 400 Ohm, SPDT,
LDR = any type with 10K to 47K resistance at ambient light.
Transformer = 0-12V, 200m
Saturday, March 30, 2013
Build a Ultrasonic Dog Whistle
Its well known that many animals are particularly sensitive to high-frequency sounds that humans cant hear. Many commercial pest repellers based on this principle are available, most of them operating in the range of 30 to 50 kHz. My aim was, however, to design a slightly different and somewhat more powerful audio frequency/ultrasonic sound generator that could be used to train dogs. Just imagine the possibilities - you could make your pet think twice before barking again in the middle of the night or even subdue hostile dogs (and I guess burglars would love that!).
From what Ive read, dogs and other mammals of similar size behave much differently than insects. They tend to respond best to frequencies between 15 and 25 kHz and the older ones are less susceptible to higher tones. This means that an ordinary pest repeller wont work simply because dogs cant hear it. Therefore, I decided to construct a new circuit (based on the venerable 555, of course) with a variable pitch and a relatively loud 82 dB miniature piezo beeper.
The circuit is very simple and can be easily assembled in half an hour. Most of the components are not really critical, but you should keep in mind that other values will probably change the operating frequency. Potentiometer determines the pitch: higher resistance means lower frequency. Since different dogs react to different frequencies, youll probably have to experiment a bit to get the most out of this tiny circuit. The circuit is shown below:
Ultrasonic Dog Whistle Circuit diagram
From what Ive read, dogs and other mammals of similar size behave much differently than insects. They tend to respond best to frequencies between 15 and 25 kHz and the older ones are less susceptible to higher tones. This means that an ordinary pest repeller wont work simply because dogs cant hear it. Therefore, I decided to construct a new circuit (based on the venerable 555, of course) with a variable pitch and a relatively loud 82 dB miniature piezo beeper.
The circuit is very simple and can be easily assembled in half an hour. Most of the components are not really critical, but you should keep in mind that other values will probably change the operating frequency. Potentiometer determines the pitch: higher resistance means lower frequency. Since different dogs react to different frequencies, youll probably have to experiment a bit to get the most out of this tiny circuit. The circuit is shown below:
Ultrasonic Dog Whistle Circuit diagram
Despite the simplicity of the circuit, there is one little thing. The 10nF (.01) capacitor is critical as it, too, determines the frequency. Most ceramic caps are highly unstable and 20% tolerance is not unusual at all. Higher capacitance means lower frequency and vice-versa. For proper alignment and adjustment, an oscilloscope would be necessary. Since I dont have one, I used Winscope. Although its limited to only 22 kHz, thats just enough to see how this circuit works.
There is no need to etch a PCB for this project, perf board will do. Test the circuit to see how it responds at different frequencies. A 4k7 potentiometer in conjunction with a 10nF (or slightly bigger) capacitor gives some 11 to 22kHz, which should do just fine. Install the circuit in a small plastic box and if you want to, you can add a LED pilot light. Power consumption is very small and a 9V battery should last a long time. Possible further experimentation:
Im working on an amplified version of the whistle to get a louder beep. All attempts so far havent been successful as high frequency performance tends to drop dramatically with the 555. Perhaps I could use a frequency doubler circuit - I just dont know and Ive run out of ideas. One other slightly more advanced project could be a simple "anti-bark" device with a sound-triggered (clap) switch that sets off the ultrasonic buzzer as soon as your dog starts to bark.
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